Part 1

Questions 1–10

Questions 1–4Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

New Guinea

The eastern side of the island, Papua New Guinea, became an 1 in 1975.
Only 18% of the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea reside in 2.
Papua New Guinea tribes should be seen as separate 3.
There are a small number of tribes who have had 4 with neighbouring groups and the world beyond.

Questions 5–10Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Tribes of Papua New Guinea

Huli Wigmen

40,000 members
decorate their faces with 5
have belts of pigtails, aprons of leaves, and wigs made of their own hair
do dances which imitate local birds

Asaro Mudmen

cover their bodies in mud to resemble 6 in order to frighten other tribes
have very long fingernails
put on 7 to make themselves look fiercer

Chimbu skeleton dancers

men and women used to live in separate houses
now families live together
now perform dances for the benefit of 8

Mount Hagen Sing-Sing

over 50 tribes take part
begun by the 9 in 1961 to bring together tribes in peace
tribespeople wear headdresses made of flowers, shells and feathers
some loss of authenticity, such as the 10 of natural dyes on their wonderful costumes with artificial ones

Part 2

Questions 11–20

Questions 11–15Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

QUESTION 11

What does Darren now think about the Latin name of the red squirrel?

AIt is suitable for this species.BIt is meaningless.CIt is an amusing description.

QUESTION 12

The number of red squirrels is reduced due to

Athe invasion of an exotic species.Ba disease brought by the exotic species.Cthe declining food supply.

QUESTION 13

Darren differentiates red squirrels from rats by

Atheir food category.Bhow the food was eaten.Cthe way they stored food.

QUESTION 14

What was the restriction for Darren's photography?

AHe could only take photos of one species at a time.BHe could only use one camera.CHe could only take photographs in a certain location.

QUESTION 15

Why is Darren confident about his photographs?

AHe practised a lot.BHis teacher prepared him well.CHe had high-quality equipment.

Questions 16–20Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

QUESTION 16

The photos will be exhibited in a ______.

QUESTION 17

Darren's photos won a competition held by a ______.

QUESTION 18

Some pictures need a so-called ______ in the scene.

QUESTION 19

Darren thinks the lighting is best late in the ______.

QUESTION 20

To take better photos, photographers should make ______.

Part 3

Questions 21–30

Questions 21–22Which TWO problems are caused by water hyacinth?Choose TWO letters.

Options

Aplants are poisonedBfarmers cannot fishCthe dam structure is damagedDboat traffic becomes fasterEoxygen levels in the water are reduced

QUESTION 21

Choice 1

QUESTION 22

Choice 2

Questions 23–26Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

QUESTION 23

Where was water hyacinth originally from?

ALatin AmericaBAfricaCEurope

QUESTION 24

What is the primary cause of the decrease in nutrients from the soil?

Asoil erosionBa change of rainfallCloss of trees

QUESTION 25

When will the biological solution bring risks to the environment?

AimmediatelyB6 months laterCmany years later

QUESTION 26

What does John say about the mechanical solution?

AineffectiveBdangerousCexpensive

Questions 27–30What is the benefit of cut-down water hyacinth to each of the following?Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A–F.

Benefits of cut-down water hyacinth

Acan reduce the effect of global warmingBcan be used as an alternative energy resourceCcan make quick profitsDcan produce material for plants to grow inEcan be good for human healthFcan produce fertiliser

QUESTION 27

dried water hyacinth

QUESTION 28

mushroom farmers

QUESTION 29

oyster and straw mushrooms

QUESTION 30

cows

Part 4

Questions 31–40

Questions 31–40Complete the notes below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Nanotechnology and Its Applications

About Nanotechnology

It is a study on the scale of a nanometre.
The development in nanotechnology is the result of a new type of 31.
People are worried that nanotech products are 32.

Food and household

The availability of 33 in our diet (e.g. in potatoes) is greatly improved.
The packaging cost of 34 is particularly reduced.
Nanotechnology can increase the 35 of food.
Nanotechnology can be used to make new types of furniture.

Agriculture

The efficiency of 36 is increased.

Health and medicine

Nanotubes allow more 37 to enter veins.
As a popular material, 38 is used to kill bacteria.
Nanotechnology is also helpful in 39 loss programmes.

Cosmetics

Nanoparticles protect skin from the 40 and help against ageing.
Nanotechnology helps deliver active ingredients to the skin.